ORGANISMS CAN BE UNICELLULAR OR MULTI CELLULAR, WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
Unicellular organisms are composed of a single cell, unlike multi cellular organisms that are made of many cells. This means that they each live and carry out all of their life processes as one single cell. Most unicellular organisms are microscopic; however, some are visible to the naked eye.
MULTI CELLULAR ORGANISMS HAVE CELLS WHICH PREFORM SPECIAL FUNCTION. WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF SPECIALIZED CELLS?
Cells in a multi cellular organism are specialized. The ways in which the cells work together and interact depend on the organism. You can think of the cells of an organism as members of a community. The size and complexity of the community differ from organism to organism.
A sponge is an animal that is fairly simple in its organization. It spends its life attached to the ocean floor, filtering food and other nutrients from the water. Like all animals, the sponge is organized at a cellular level. Different types of cells in its body perform different functions. For example, certain cells take in food, and other cells digest it. However, cells in a sponge are not very highly specialized. A piece broken from a living sponge will actually regenerate itself as new cells replace the lost ones.
In more complex organisms, such as plants and animals, cells are not only specialized but grouped together in tissues. A tissue is a group of similar cells that are organized to do a specific job. If you look at your hand, you will see the top layer of tissue in your skin. Humans have two layers of skin tissue, layered one on top of the other. Together these skin tissues provide protection and support.
A sponge is an animal that is fairly simple in its organization. It spends its life attached to the ocean floor, filtering food and other nutrients from the water. Like all animals, the sponge is organized at a cellular level. Different types of cells in its body perform different functions. For example, certain cells take in food, and other cells digest it. However, cells in a sponge are not very highly specialized. A piece broken from a living sponge will actually regenerate itself as new cells replace the lost ones.
In more complex organisms, such as plants and animals, cells are not only specialized but grouped together in tissues. A tissue is a group of similar cells that are organized to do a specific job. If you look at your hand, you will see the top layer of tissue in your skin. Humans have two layers of skin tissue, layered one on top of the other. Together these skin tissues provide protection and support.
WHY IS CELL SPECIALIZATION IMPORTANT FOR MULTI CELLULAR ORGANISMS?
Cells make up organs and organs make up systems make up organisms. Each cell must be able to perform as a part of a living organisms. Cell specialization is required for cells to perform as a part of a whole living thing. Different cells do different jobs.
ALL CELLS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS EUKARYOTA OR PROKARYOTES. define these terms.
The defining feature that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells (Bacteria and Archaea) is that they have membrane-bound organelles, especially the nucleus, which contains the genetic material, and is enclosed by the nuclear envelope.[3][4][5] The presence of a nucleus gives eukaryotes their name, which comes from the Greekευ (eu, "well") and κάρυον (karyon, "nut" or "kernel").[6] Eukaryotic cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. In addition, plants and algae contain chloroplasts. Many unicellular organisms are eukaryotes, such as protozoa. All multicellular organisms are eukaryotes, including animals, plants and fungi.
DEFINE THE WORD 'ORGANELLE':
A structural and functional unit, such as mitochondria a cell or unicellular organisms.
HOW ARE PROKARYOTIC CELLS DIFFERENT TO EUKARYOTIC CELLS?YOU MAY USE A VENN DIAGRAM TO COMPARE THE TWO TYPES OF CELLS.
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
SIMILARITIES:
1. They both have DNA as their genetic material.
2. They are both membrane bound.
3. They both have ribosomes .
4. They have similar basic metabolism .
5. They are both amazingly diverse in forms.
DIFERENCES:
1. eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not
2. eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes do not. The organelles of eukaryotes allow them to exhibit much higher levels of intracellular division of labor than is possible in prokaryotic cells.
3. Eukaryotic cells are, on average, ten times the size of prokaryotic cells.
4. The DNA of eukaryotes is much more complex and therefore much more extnsive than the DNA of prokaryotes.
5. Prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, a single large polymer of amino acids and sugar . Many types of eukaryotic cells also have cell walls, but none made of peptidoglycan.
6. The DNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell; the DNA of eukaryotes is held within its nucleus and associated with histones (proteins)
7. Eukaryotes undergo mitosis; prokaryotes divide by binary fission (simple cell division)
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS:
ARE ANIMAL CELLS PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC?
Here's a simple visual comparison between aprokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell: This particular eukaryotic cell happens to be an animal cell, but the cells of plants, fungi and protests are also eukaryotic.
WHAT ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF ANIMAL CELLS?
All animals are organisms that are made of cells. Three examples of animals made with cells are mammals, fish, and birds.
INCLUDE A LABELLED DIAGRAM SHOWING THE INSIDE OF AN ANIMAL CELL.
ARE PLANTS CELLS PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC?
The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure ofchromosomal DNA.
WHAT ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF PLANT CELLS?
Plant cells form, of course, all types of plants and roots, but also form vegetables and fruits and grains. Any organisms that are plants are made up of plant cells. They all belong to the kingdom Plantae. Organisms such as animals, bacteria, etc. are not made up of plant cells. The reason why this is is because plant cells have organelles called chloroplasts which help the plant to photosynthesize. Photosynthesis allows plants to make their own food, which is what sets them apart from other organisms. Some examples of these are flowers, grass, trees, corn, wheat, vines, weeds, and shrubs.
INCLUDE A LABELLED DIAGRAM SHOWING THE INSIDE OF A PLANT CELL.
WHAT STRUCTURES AND ORGANELLES ARE PRESENT IN PLANT CELLS BUT NOT IN ANIMAL CELLS?USE A VENN DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL.
BRIEFLY EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF THESE FEATURES WHICH ARE UNIQUE TO PLANT CELLS.
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large central vacuole, which are not found within animal cells.
CELL WALL:cell wall definition. The rigid outer covering of a typical plant cell, composed mainly of cellulose and lying outside the cell membrane. Animal cells do not have cell walls. Note: It is the cell walls that give plant stems and wood their stiffness.
CHLOROPLASTS;Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. The entire process is called photosynthesis and it all depends on the little green chlorophyll molecules in each chloroplast. Plants are the basis of all life on Earth.
LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE:The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within the plant cells to provide structure and support for the growing plant.
CELL WALL:cell wall definition. The rigid outer covering of a typical plant cell, composed mainly of cellulose and lying outside the cell membrane. Animal cells do not have cell walls. Note: It is the cell walls that give plant stems and wood their stiffness.
CHLOROPLASTS;Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. The entire process is called photosynthesis and it all depends on the little green chlorophyll molecules in each chloroplast. Plants are the basis of all life on Earth.
LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE:The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within the plant cells to provide structure and support for the growing plant.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
DEFINE PHOTOSYNTHESIS
the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product.
NAME THE ORGANELLE WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CARRYING OUT PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Chloroplasts are organelles responsible for photosynthesis or the conversion of CO2 to glucose in plant cells, some protists, and algae. There are three types of membranes in chloroplasts: 1. The smooth outer membrane that is permeable to molecules 2.
DO ALL CELLS CONTAIN THIS ORGANELLE?
no only photosynthesis. Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells.
INCLUDE A WORD EQUATION TO SHOW THE PROCESS. IDENTIFY THE INPUTS AND OUTOUTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
carbon dioxide/CO2, water/H20, light energy
WHY IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS ESSENTIA FOR ALL LIFE ON EARTH?
Photosynthesis is the only most significant natural process to convert CO2 to O2. Not only photosynthesis helps to balance the Oxygen content of the atmosphere but also it helps energy balance in the ecosystem. Remember plants are the food source in an ecosystem and photosynthesis is their only food producing mechanism.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
DEFINE CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
Cellular respiration is what cells do to break up sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy. This happens in all forms of life. Cellular respiration takes in food and uses it to create ATP, a chemical which the cell uses for energy.
SOME CELLS CONTAIN LESS MITOCHONDRIA WHY?
Some cells are covered by a cell wall, other are not, some have slimy coats or ... Other cells need less energy to do their work and have less mitochondrion.
INCLUDE A WORD EQUATION TO SHOW THE PROCESS OF RESPIRATION. IDENTIFY THE INPUTS AND OUTPUTS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP + Heat + Energy C6H12O6 +6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP+Heat)
describe how plants get glucose for cellular respiration? how is this different for animals?
The glucose required for cellular respiration is produced by plants. Plants go through a process known as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis can be thought of as the opposite process of cellular respiration.
cellular respiration is said to be the reverse of photosynthesis. What does this mean?
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Since this is the opposite process of cellular respiration, plants and animals are said to have a symbiotic relationship. This means that plants and animals live together and benefit from each other.
why is cellular respiration essential for all life on earth?
Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Cellular respiration provides energy for living organisms. So, cellular respiration is important because it provides the energy for living organisms to perform all of the other necessary functions to maintain life. Most single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, do not require much energy and are able to survive on glycolysis and fermentation. Our ability to think, walk, and talk require enormous amounts of energy which can only be provided by aerobic respiration through the Kreb’s Cycle and the electron transport chain.
OSMOSIS:
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IN CELLS?
The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
DEFINE DIFFUSION.
Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to spread into an available space. Without other outside forces at work, substances will diffuse from a more concentrated environment to a less concentrated environment.
OSMOSIS IS A SPECIAL KIND OF DIFFUSION. DEFINE OSMOSOS.
- a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
- the process of gradual or unconscious assimilation of ideas, knowledge, etc.
"by some strange political osmosis, private reputations became public"
WHY ARE OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION IMPORTANT FOR THE SURVIVAL OF CELLS?
Osmosis is important to maintain the water content in the cells. It is the vital mechanism in the transport of fluids in the living organisms. Without the process of osmosis the cell will dehydrate and die.
<-- Diagram: Process of osmosis
INCLUDE A DIAGRAM TO HELP YOU EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF OSMOSIS.
MITOSIS:
DEFINE MITOSIS.
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
WHAT IS MUTATION?
a mutation is when it is changed or altered or something has been damaged.
GIVE TO EXAMPLES/MUTATIONS THAT CAN OCCUR FROM FAULTY MITOSIS
two mutation examples are cancer and down syndrome.